Is nh2 electron donating or withdrawing. Due to this . Titration curves and potentiometric measurements are commonly used techniques for determining the pKa values of amines. This means that the rate of the second substitution is lower than that of standard benzene. Order of Inductive Effect: ―NR2 > ―NHR > ―NH2 Inductive Effect Inductive effect is a type of electronic effect in which the polarity of a molecule is influenced by the presence of a nearby electron-withdrawing or electron-donating group. i. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Electron withdrawing groups but electron donating groups by Resonance, Electron donating groups by induction, Electron withdrawing groups by induction and more. This is due to the Hi, I have a question regarding electron withdrawing and donating effects in amantadine. On the other hand, because oxygen is quite electronegative, the methoxy group is electron-withdrawing in an inductive sense via the $\sigma$ bonds. What activates a benzene ring? Halogens have a stronger electron-withdrawing inductive effect but a weaker electron-donating resonance effect and are thus deactivators. 1. Apr 19, 2023 · The groups that are both electron donating by resonance and electron withdrawing by induction when attached to a benzene ring are -NH2 (Amino group) and -OH (Hydroxyl group). In this case, we are comparing the inductive effects of the groups CN (cyano), NO2 (nitro), NH2 (amino), and Cl Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like SPEC the 2- and 4-directing effect of electron- donating groups (OH, NH2) and the 3-directing effect of electron-withdrawing groups (NO2) in electrophilic substitution of aromatic compounds the prediction of substitution products of aromatic compounds by directing effects and the importance to organic synthesis, phenol further Jul 2, 2025 · Electron-donating groups increase basicity, while electron-withdrawing groups decrease it. – C=O, -NO2) adjacent to the π system deactivate the aromatic ring by decreasing the electron density on the ring through a resonance withdrawing effect. Thus, there is moderate electron-donating +I effect. However, the NH2 group has a stronger +R effect because it can donate more electron density through resonance compared to -OH. This transformation reduces electron density at ortho and para positions, making meta substitution more probable. The -NO2 group is a strong EWG and also acts as a strong deactivator. -The halogens are the only Electron-Withdrawing Groups that are Ortho/Para Directors. Amino group (-NH2) and alkyl analogues (-NR2) Which is more activating OCH3 or NH2? -NH2 will give more between dipoles. Question: For each of the following indicate if the substituent is an electron donating or withdrawing group. Electron-Withdrawing Group on Benzene What's the Difference? Electron-donating groups on benzene, such as alkyl groups, donate electron density to the benzene ring, making it more electron-rich and increasing its reactivity towards electrophiles. Conversely, electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) pull electron density away from the pi system Jun 13, 2014 · The discussion centers on the dual nature of the NH2 group in organic chemistry, specifically its role as both an electron donor and an electron acceptor. Core Concepts Electrophilic aromatic substitution adds substituents to aromatic molecules. Other users reply with different perspectives based on the context and electronegativity of the groups. Electron withdrawing groups are meta-directors, electron donating are ortho Feb 19, 2025 · However, the carbonyl group also withdraws some electron density, making the activation less strong compared to groups like -NH2. When does NH₂ show -I Effect? NH₂ is an electron-withdrawing group (−I effect) relative to hydrogen because nitrogen is more electronegative than carbon/hydrogen, so it pulls electron density towards itself. Jul 9, 2025 · How can I quickly tell if a group is electron donating or withdrawing by looking at the atom attached to the ring? Check the atom directly connected to the aromatic ring. The direction of electron movement—whether toward or away from a substituent group—depends on the nature of the substituent. What does EWG stand for? EWG stands for electron-withdrawing group. Examples: -OH (hydroxyl), -OCH3 (methoxy), -NH2 (amino), -CH3 (methyl), -C2H5 (ethyl). Jan 10, 2025 · The side groups on a benzene ring can either be electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups Electron-donating groups, such as -CH 3, -OH and -NH 2, donate electron density into the π system of the benzene ring making it more reactive A user asks whether OH and NH2 are electron donating or withdrawing in MCAT Orgo questions. What is the difference between EDG and EWG? The Jun 24, 2022 · according to my book, nh2 in this case must be a ring activating group that adds electron density to the benzene ring and ortho and para targeting. This conjugation increases the electron density on the ring, making it more reactive towards electrophiles (species that "want" electrons). While the electron donating and withdrawing properties of a substituent are inherent within the substituent, their effect on the stability of an intermediate and the reaction rate depends on the charge of the intermediate. C=O, N=O, S=O. OCH3 the O only has 1 bond so it would be negative, and thus electron donating to the partial positive C. Electron Withdrawing Groups vs. Jun 25, 2025 · Summary Electron withdrawing groups like -NO2, -CF3, and -CN pull electron density away from a molecule due to the high electronegativity of their constituent atoms. And, s ubstituents with π-bonds to electronegative atoms (e. The table above allows us to summarize the following regarding Ortho/Para directors and Meta directors: -ALL Electron-Donating Groups are Ortho/Para Directors. g. Conclusion: In summary, the -NO2 group is an attracting or electron-withdrawing group due to the high electronegativity of the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Note that, as do the hydroxyl and amino groups, the halogens have an inductive electron-withdrawing effect and a resonance electron-releasing effect on a benzene ring. Sample Problem Classify each substituent as electron donating or electron withdrawing? Solution Draw out the atoms and bonds of the substituent to clearly see lone pairs and multiple bonds. These groups have a lone pair atom bonded to the ring. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 2B) Substituent groups can be electron withdrawing or electron donating. Apr 5, 2023 · Conclusion: EDGs and EWGs are important concepts in organic chemistry that can be used to predict and control the reactivity of a molecule. NH2, OCH3 etc. In contrast, a nitro substituent decreases the ring's reactivity by roughly a million. −C = O, −N O2) adjacent to the π-system are electron withdrawing groups (EWG) in a resonating structure. That explains why the meta product is unexpectedly high. Compound 4: No alkyl groups, moderately electrophilic. FAQ: What does EDG stand for? EDG stands for electron-donating group. Specific example: nitration of trifluoromethylbenzene gives the meta product in about 90% yield. XXX CHEM 202 EDG v. Electron-donating groups (EDGs) push electrons towards the pi system, enhancing electron density and stabilizing the system through a positive mesomeric effect (+M). e. Electron donating groups direct incoming electrophiles to positions 2, 4 and 6. It also has a -I effect, chaeracteristic of electron withdrawing groups but in this case the +M effect is stronger Concepts: Inductive effect, Electron-withdrawing groups, Electron-donating groups Explanation: The inductive effect is the permanent effect of the polarization of the electron density along a chain of atoms in a molecule. So basically we are talking about an adamantane cage with an NH2 group on the C1 atom. A methyl group or any alkyl group is a slight EDG (Electron Donating Group) and slightly activates the ring making it a better nucleophile and speed any EAS reaction with it. CN and NO2 groups are **electron **withdrawing deactivators, while OCH3 and NH2 groups are electron donating activators. Meanwhile esters will be more reactive since the O is electron-withdrawing and this decreases the electron density around the carbonyl carbon making it more electrophilic. Is there an easy way to know if something is electron withdrawing or donating, other than just memorizing the common electron withdrawing/donating groups? This may be a better way of asking it: What makes something electron withdrawing, versus electron Study Tip: Learn to recognise the types of substituents and then break it down into the following : (1) Electron donors activate and direct ortho and para. The -OH group has a +R effect due to the lone pairs on the oxygen atom, which can delocalize into the ring. This computational study, explores how the inclusion of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents alters the excited state potential energy surfaces and the mechanism of photoisomerization. Inductive Donator - On the other hand a -CH 3 donates electron density because of hyperconjugation and the polarity of the (3) C-H bonds. It is defined as E(X) = E(R-X)−E(R), where R is the unsubstituted system; X = NH2, NO2 • Example: R- NH2 Nitrogen is more electronegativethan the ring, so it is inductively withdrawing,howeverthereisa lonepairofelectronsthat can be pushed into the ring via resonance. When a monosubstituted aromatic ring gets another substituent, the new substituent bonds to a specific carbon atom. NH is an electron donating group instead of electron withdrawing. Both the amino and the alkoxy substituents will donate electron density by -NH2 has a highly electronegative N atom, wouldn't that withdraw electrons ? It does withdraw electrons from its third bond, but at the same time the high electron density around the N (it has a lone pair) feeds back into the bond, causing the overall effect to be activating (electron donating). O o-N+ xylene donating nitrobenzene withdrawing CI N benzonitrile chlorobenzene withdrawing donating NH2 OH aniline benzoic acid withdrawing donating is this rigth and if not can you explain why? The book states that in order of partial negative charge: -CH3<OH<NH2 I thought I understood the OH and NH2 part. This is because in case of amide, the carbonyl group (-C=O) withdraw electron density from the adjacent amino group (-NH2), reducing its ability to donate electrons and Halogens have a stronger electron- withdrawing inductive effect but a weaker electron-donating resonance effect and are thus deactivators. Is OCH3 EWG or EDG? Complete answer: Yes, the OCH3 is an electron withdrawing group. The reactivity of aromatic pi bonds in S E Ar reactions is very sensitive to the presence of electron-donating groups (EDG) and electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) on the aromatic ring. They do so by Jul 30, 2008 · Can someone explain to me why an electron-donating group would increase the stability of a positive charge? What about a negative charge? And am I right in saying that an electron-withdrawing group will increase the acidity of an acid and an electron-donating group would decrease acidity or Feb 2, 2024 · Is benzene electron withdrawing or donating? Benzene usually undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitution in which the hydrogen atom is replaced. Examples include: OH, NR2, OR, NHCOR (amides), OCOR (esters), and alkyl groups. 4 O O Ar 6. EDGs donate electrons and increase the electron density in a molecule. Sep 4, 2014 · When the amine group plays the role of electron donating group through conjugation, its inductive withdrawing effect (still existing) is weaker and masked by the first effect. Learn to predict molecular reactivity and chemical behavior. Sep 26, 2017 · activating groups are electron-donating (relative to H), and deactivating groups are electron-withdrawing (relative to H) Aug 23, 2022 · There is an electron pair on N that is conjugated with the aromatic ring. Activating substituents favour electrophilic substitution about the ortho and para positions. Hi, I have a question regarding electron withdrawing and donating effects in amantadine. you mean that the ammonium ion, -NH3+, is a strong deactivating director, m- because of its + charge. The pKa values of amines are typically in the range of 9-11, making them weaker bases than hydroxides but stronger than amides. Directing effects determine which carbon atom receives the new substituent. Nov 26, 2016 · So the methoxy is electron-donating from a resonance perspective. There is an almost zero Re effect since the electron withdrawing resonance capacity of the carbonyl group is effectively removed by the delocalisation of the negative charge of the anion: Fig. Hope that makes it simpler! Click to expand Jan 29, 2018 · Examples of meta – directors include nitriles, carbonyl compounds (such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters), sulfones, electron-deficient alkyl groups, nitro groups, and alkylammoniums. This is because the electron donating groups contribute to the electron density on the nitrogen. On the other hand, the -NH2 group is a donating or electron-donating group due to the lower electronegativity difference between nitrogen and hydrogen. As a result they increase the electron density of benzene making it more susceptible to attack by electrophiles. It also has a -I effect, chaeracteristic of electron withdrawing groups but in this case the +M effect is stronger Study Tip: Learn to recognise the types of substituents and then break it down into the following : (1) Electron donors activate and direct ortho and para. -MOST Electron-Withdrawing Groups are Meta Directors. CN (cyano) group is an electron withdrawing group (EWG) and acts as a **deactivator **for EAS. less partial positive charge. EDG = electron donating group EDG can be recognised by lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the π system, eg: -OCH 3 except - R, -Ar or -vinyl (hyperconjugation, π electrons) EWG = electron withdrawing group EWG can be recognised either by the atom adjacent to the π system having several bonds to more electronegative atoms, or, the kaplan book says that groups like No2- and halides are electron withdrawing and therefore increase acidity of the carboxylic acids, while groups like Nh2 and -Och3 are electron donating therefore decreasing acidity. ) Electron withdrawing groups are assigned to similar groupings. 4. Sep 6, 2022 · In short, the groups that donate electron density to the ring and make it electron-rich are activators. In contrast to electron donating groups, electron withdrawing groups are deactivating. Conversely, electron donating groups like -NH2, -OCH3, and -CH3 donate electron density to a molecule, either through resonance (lone pair donation) or inductive effects. The ortho product is extremely low, likely because the The major product of a monosubstituted benzene ring with an electron withdrawing group and an additional electrophile is a product with meta substitution. Electron-Withdrawing Groups (EWGs): Characteristics: These groups withdraw electron density from the benzene ring 00:00 General Ideas 00:54 Electron-donating Groups02:30 Examples of Electron-donating Groups06:15 Electron-withdrawing Groups08:07 Examples of Electron-withd Mar 16, 2022 · A complementary motion, often pyramidalization, is required to facilitate radiationless internal conversion. Electron Donating Groups: Key Differences and Effects in Organic Chemistry Understanding electron withdrawing groups (EWGs) and electron donating groups (EDGs) is essential for mastering reactivity, resonance effects, and reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry. 2: All other things being equal, electron withdrawing groups tend to make Lewis acids stronger and bases weaker while electron donating groups tend to make Lewis bases stronger and acids weaker Page ID Jun 9, 2019 · To make an $\ce {-OH}$ group more acidic we need electron withdrawing groups as the slight positive charge built on the oxygen atom will facilitate the proton leaving. on Withdrawing Groups. In order to find the more acidic molecule we look for the one with the most electron withdrawing substituent (or the least electron donating in this case). Electron-Donating Groups lower the activation energy for all positions on the benzene ring, but Jul 6, 2023 · In electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, -CN and -CF3 are electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) and act as deactivators, while -OCH3 and -NH2 are electron-donating groups (EDGs) and act as activators. 2B) Electron Withdrawing Groups Electron Donating Groups +I and -I Groups Location of S Groups (14. −OCH 3, −N H 2) on the atoms adjacent to the π -system are electron donating groups (EDG) in resonance systems. With substituents on an aromatic ring, substituents with a lone pair that can act as a resonance contributor, like NH2, OH, OR, etc. Jan 8, 2024 · Both -NH 2 and -OR groups have a -I effect on aromatic rings, since the inductive effect of the electronegative heteroatoms N/O is not electron-donating but withdrawing. Deactivating have an atom with a double bond that is bonded to the ring i. Electron withdrawing groups on the aromatic amine decrease the basicity of aromatic amines. These through-space effects are referred to as field effects. Because F pulls electrons toward itself, and positively polarizes the C to which it is bonded, it is called an inductive electron Aug 25, 2009 · Electron donating groups generally have a lone pair on the atom directly bonded to the aromatic ring. However, in strongly acidic conditions (like in your example), a significant portion of the NH2 is protonated into NH3+. Inductive Effects for Other S Groups (14. Which group withdraw electron from benzene ring inductively Apr 29, 2007 · it seems like there are a lot of both. EWG You are right that NH2 is 2,4 directing, because the N lone pair is electron donating via resonance. Substituents greatly influence the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophiles. Examples include: COR, NO2, CN, CONH2, and NH3. This activation or deactivation of the benzene ring toward electrophilic substitution may be correlated with the electron donating or electron withdrawing influence of the substituents, as measured by molecular dipole moments. they deactivate but direct ortho and para. The nitro group and others do not meet both criteria. Let’s start by understanding the definition of EDGs and EWGs and their effect on resonance. Read "the art of writing reasonable organic reaction mechanisms" and the underlying logic of this and other facets of organic chemistry will become much clearer. My question is - why in this case are N and O Electron donating groups activate the benzene ring making it react faster. Marija Baranac-Stojanović*[a] Abstract: The classical textbook explanation of variations of 1H NMR chemical shifts in benzene substituted with an electron-donating (NH2) and electron-withdrawing (NO2) group in terms of substituent resonance effects was examined by an analysis of molecular orbital contributionsto the total shielding. Feb 6, 2020 · Is NR2 withdrawing or donating? A group with a positive mesomeric effect (+M) is an electron-donating group that ‘pushes’ electrons onto the carbon atom it is bonded to, usually via a lone pair that can make a resonance structure. To arrange the groups -NO2, -NH2, and -SO3H in increasing order of inductive effect, we need to understand their nature as electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups. Electron-Donating Group on Benzene vs. 14. So amides are supposed to be less reactive because the N is electron-donating and increases the electron density on the carbonyl carbon which makes it less electrophilic. -COOR (Ester group): This group is meta-directing and electron-withdrawing. Feb 7, 2025 · NH2 is an electron-donating group in organic chemistry. Substituents with lone pairs (e. It can be either electron-withdrawing or electron-donating. Order of Inductive Effect The Jul 7, 2022 · Electron donating groups (EDG) with lone pairs (e. It was found that the -electronic system shows a more Dec 6, 2023 · In organic chemistry, Electron Donating Groups (EDGs) and Electron-Withdrawing Groups (EWGs) play a crucial role in determining the reactivity and properties of molecules. Feb 13, 2013 · For homogeneous metal complexes, a consensus has been reached that the electron density of the center metal is sensitive to the electron donating and withdrawing properties of the organic ligands attached to the metal [16,17]. A new approach to a description of the substituent effect, the energy of substituent, E(X), is proposed and evaluated. Aug 1, 2024 · Are activating groups electron withdrawing? Electron donating groups are typically divided into three levels of activating ability (The “extreme” category can be seen as “strong”. While the NH2 group exhibits a negative inductive effect, which suggests it acts as an electron acceptor, it also functions as a ring-activating group due to resonance structures with benzene. Examples of directing effects include whether the existing substituent is an electron donating or withdrawing In future reactions, the intermediate may have a negative charge. (3) Except halogens. (2) Electron withdrawing groups deactivate and direct meta. The ones that withdraw the electron density are deactivators. The inductive effect is transmitted through sigma bonds and is not restricted to a particular atom or a functional group. The groups can be classified as electron donating (EDG) or electron withdrawing (EWG) groups based on their effect on the electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reaction. are considered electron donating because they donate electron density into the conjugated ring by contributing a resonance structure. 2A) Magnitude of the Effect Origin of the Substituent Effect When the Substituent is F How C-F Polarity Affects Acidity. This increases electron density on carbon and beyond. However, this effect is generally weaker than the resonance effect, which is why these groups overall are considered activating/electron-donating. Electron-Donating Groups lower the activation energy for all positions on the benzene ring, but Nov 11, 2024 · Experimentally it has been determined that -OH shows less negative inductive effect than -OR (R being an alkyl group) but this is counterintuitive considering that -R is an electron donating group which increases the electron density on O reducing its electron withdrawing capacity. groups like NO2, SO3 all have those double bonded groups. Halogens have a stronger electron- withdrawing inductive effect but a weaker electron-donating resonance effect and are thus deactivators. NHAc= less-activating on the aromatic ring, the electron withdrawing carbonyl makes the nitrogen less electron-donating, ortho positions not accessible due to steric hindrance, gives desired monobrominated product NH2=very strong activating at ortho and para positions, gives undesired product Jun 5, 2025 · Types of Substituents on Benzene: Electron-Donating Groups (EDGs): Characteristics: These groups donate electron density to the benzene ring, typically through resonance or inductive effects. Compound 2: Chlorines make carbonyl carbon more electrophilic due to their electronegativity May 29, 2020 · The groups $\ce {OCOR}$ and $\ce {NHCOR}$ are less powerfully activating than $\ce {OH}$ and $\ce {NH2},$ respectively, because of the reduction in electron-availability on $\ce {O}$ and $\ce {N}$ by delocalisation over the adjacent, electron-withdrawing carbonyl group: The +R (positive resonance) effect refers to the ability of a substituent to donate electron density to the aromatic ring through resonance. In contrast, electron-withdrawing groups on benzene, such as nitro or carbonyl groups, withdraw electron Jun 3, 2009 · It's actually simple. , BUT nh2 is a ring activator group? How to become a Fundraising Manager? May 22, 2025 · Inductive effects (−I and +I) refer to the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating tendency of a group through sigma bonds. NH2 the nitrogen is less electronegative than oxygen so it is electron donating. This donation of electrons increases the electron Inductive and resonance (mesomeric) effects are shifts of electron density in a molecule, and can be electron-donating (+M, +I) or electron-withdrawing (-M, -I). −N O2 is a meta directing group, and is an electron withdrawing group, and it deactivates the benzene ring. Aug 27, 2022 · What is the effect of electron donating group and electron withdrawing group on benzene ring? Electron withdrawing groups (EWG) with π bonds to electronegative atoms (e. Therefore the order of activating groups will be: −N H 2>−OCH 3> −C6H 5> −N O2 Was this answer helpful? Jul 29, 2023 · Negative mesomeric effect (-M): Electron-withdrawing groups can decrease the basicity of a compound by withdrawing electron density from the electron-pair donor. Electron donating groups on the aromatic amine increase the basicity of aromatic amines. 2 Carboxylic Acid Acidity Substituent Effects on Acidity Constants (14. Overall NH2 is an electron donating group. It activates the benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution reaction by increasing the electron density at ortho and para position. Electron donating groups (EDG) with lone pairs (e. -OMe, -NH2) on the atoms adjacent to the π system activate the aromatic ring by increasing the electron density on the ring through a resonance donating effect. I figured that because OH is more electronegative than NH2, it won't donate electrons as easily which makes it a better electron donating group i. Therefore, in a strongly acidic solution, protonation of the -NH2 group in benzenamine to -NH3+ turns the group from electron-donating to electron-withdrawing. Mar 5, 2021 · Simple polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, substituted by strongly electron-donating (NH2) and withdrawing (NO2) groups, are studied employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Electron donating groups have electron orbitals that overlap with the delocalised pi bonding system of benzene. An EDG, as the name suggests, is a group that donates electrons to a molecule. Activating are Electron Donating groups. It EDG = electron donating group EDG can be recognised by lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the π system, eg: -OCH 3 except - R, -Ar or -vinyl (hyperconjugation, π electrons) EWG = electron withdrawing group EWG can be recognised either by the atom adjacent to the π system having several bonds to more electronegative atoms, or, are particularly important, because in such structures each atom possesses a complete octet of electrons. Electron withdrawing groups make it more difficult to introduce new groups onto the ring. Both these are “electrophilic aromatic directing groups”. in this reaction benzene act as a nucleophile as it contains greater electron density and thus act as a electron donating group. In this case, we are comparing the inductive effects of the groups CN (cyano), NO2 (nitro), NH2 (amino), and Cl Concepts: Inductive effect, Electron-withdrawing groups, Electron-donating groups Explanation: The inductive effect is the permanent effect of the polarization of the electron density along a chain of atoms in a molecule. Typically NH2 is an electron donating group due to the strong +M (or +R as some might write) effects. Fluorine, while acting as a donor, has a stronger withdrawing inductive effect, resulting in less resonance donation overall. The oxygen atom in the OCH3 group is more electronegative than the carbon atom. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How do electron withdrawing groups and electron donating groups affect aldehyde and ketone reactivity?, Compound 1: Alkyl groups donate electrons, reducing carbonyl reactivity. Sep 5, 2022 · What is EDG and EWG in chemistry? EDG stands for electron donating groups while EWG stands for electron withdrawing groups. Click here👆to get an answer to your question ️ comment on the electron donating and withdrawing power of the following groupno2 nh2 Master electron-withdrawing and donating groups in organic chemistry. May 10, 2023 · Answer: NH2 has 2 pair free electrons which it can donate These are electron donating groups, activates the aromatic ring to furthur substitution. Hydroxyl, alkoxyl, and amino groups have a weaker electron-withdrawing inductive effect but a stronger electron-donating resonance effect and are thus activators. This is due to the carbocation nature of the intermediate, which is stabilized by electron-donating groups and destabilized by electron-withdrawing groups. 2C) Distance Attenuation Field Effects Additivity of Halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, and amino substituents, for instance, have electron-withdrawing inductive effects because of the electronegativity of the –X, –O, or –N atom bonded to the aromatic ring but have electron-donating resonance effects because of the lone-pair electrons on those –X, –O, or –N atoms. Alkyl groups are weakly ring-activating groups, as their electron-donating ability stems only from weak inductive effects. For instance, amide are weaker base than corresponding amine. NH3+ is an electronic withdrawing group, and is 3 directing. If your question is to understand rather than just learn which groups are electron withdrawing versus donating, then the answer lies in organic mechanisms. uhnsv lgxv fehzsj eozm nd05 1lz6f mqrif ukubl wqpfc da